Benzoic acid is a widely‑used food‑grade preservative and anti‑microbial agent. It works by inhibiting the metabolic activity of bacteria, yeasts and molds, slowing down their reproduction to extend the shelf‑life of finished products. It is soluble in organic solvents and slightly soluble in water, so it is frequently applied in beverage, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Besides preservation function, it also serves as an important intermediate for synthesizing various chemical derivatives, supporting production of additives, perfume raw materials and fine‑chemical goods. In practical application, it normally performs better under acidic environment, which makes it suitable for acidic drinks, sauces and personal‑care formulations.